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Hyperbole Definition:
      A hyperbole is a literary device wherein the author uses specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect. The purpose of hyperbole is to create a larger-than-life effect and overly stress a specific point. Such sentences usually convey an action or sentiment that is generally not practically/ realistically possible or plausible but helps emphasize an emotion.
Example:
“I am so tired I cannot walk another inch” or “I’m so sleepy I might fall asleep standing here”.
      It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait.  Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. Some other common Hyperbole examples are given below.

Common Examples of Hyperbole
My grandmother is as old as the hills.
Your suitcase weighs a ton!
She is as heavy as an elephant!
I am dying of shame.
I am trying to solve a million issues these days.
It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlike simile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.





Function of Hyperbole

      The above arguments make clear the use of hyperbole. In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an amusing effect. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention.

Let’s watch together the video of HYPERBOLE,,,have fun and hope useful


Hyperbole that also we can find in song of  music 




Source:
http://literary-devices.com/content/hyperbole

http://literarydevices.net/hyperbole/





            Hello and good day my Lovely Readers, Came back again on Juliana Esti blog’s… for this occasion I’m going to explain and share with you all about “ METONYMY and SYNECDOCHE”. So let’s read together…



           Metonymy Definition
            It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. We can come across examples of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life.

          Metonymy, Synecdoche and Metaphor
            Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car “a wheel” is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e. “a wheel” stands for the whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, “Crown” which means power or authority is a metonymy.

            Metonymy is different from a metaphor. A metaphor draws resemblance between two different things as in “You are sunlight and I moon” – Sun And Moon from Miss Saigon. Sunlight (and moon) and human are two different things without any association but it attempts to describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity. Metonymy, however, develops relation on the grounds of close associations as in “The White House is concerned about terrorism.” The White House here represents the people who work in it.



          Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life
            We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples:
England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)
The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)
The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.)
Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

          Function of Metonymy
            Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism i.e. it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention.  In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For instance, “Rifles were guarding the gate” is more concise than “The guards with rifles in their hands were guarding the gate.”

            Furthermore, metonymy, like other literary devices, is employed to add a poetic color to words to make them come to life. The simple ordinary things are described in a creative way to insert this “life” factor to the literary works.




          Synecdoche Definition
            Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.

            Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing.

          Difference between Synecdoche and Metonymy
            Synecdoche examples are often misidentified as metonymy (another literary device). Both may resemble each other to some extent but they are not the same. Synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of its parts. For example, calling a car “wheels” is a synecdoche because a part of a car “wheels” stands for the whole car. However, in metonymy, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it. For example, “crown” that refers to power or authority is a metonymy used to replace the word “king” or “queen”.

          Synecdoche Examples from Everyday Life
            It is very common to refer to a thing by the name of its parts. Let us look at some of the examples of synecdoche that we can hear from casual conversations:
The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”.
The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man.
The word “sails” refers to a whole ship.
The word “suits” refers to businessmen.
The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers.
The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.
“Pentagon” is a synecdoche when it refers to a few decision makers.
         
          Function of Synecdoche
            Literary symbolism is developed by the writers who employ synecdoche in their literary works. By using synecdoche, the writers give otherwise common ideas and objects deeper meanings and thus draw readers’ attention.
            Furthermore, the use of synecdoche helps writers to achieve brevity. For instance, saying “Soldiers were equipped with steel” is more concise than saying “The soldiers were equipped with swords, knives, daggers, arrows etc.”
            Like any other literary device, synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid. To insert this “life” factor to literary works, writers describe simple ordinary things creatively with the aid of this literary device.





SOURCE:
http://literarydevices.net/metonymy/
http://literarydevices.net/synecdoche/


        Good Day all of Readers……… well always came back again on my Juliana’s blog. In this chance let me share about “COLLOCATION” hope this useful




Definition

            A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association. Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings.
         
   The term collocation (from the Latin for "place together") was first used in its linguistic sense by British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890-1960), who famously observed, "You shall know a word by the company it keeps."

            In conclusion, Collocation base on my opinion that are two or more words often go together and correspond to some conventional way of saying things.

           There are about six main types of collocations: adjective+noun, noun+noun (such as collective nouns), verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb+adverb.

 For additional let see this video



SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocation
http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/collocationterm.htm
https://youtu.be/nh8r9SDmHn4

            Good day Readers came back again on Juliana’s blog, in this time I'm going to share about “ Synonym, Antonym, and Homonym. Hope this useful for all of my lovely readers and also watch this video ,,SO CHECK THIS OUT!! ....Thanks

            Antonyms
Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of other words. The antonym of big is small, for example. Pretty easy, right? Well, slow down there, there's something to be learned in this. English lets its speakers make their own antonyms just by adding a prefix. The ability to make up one's own words and have them be real words is something truly lovable about English.
Mis, dis, dys, mal, in, and unare all prefixes one can affix to words to create antonyms.
Examples:
·         Official becomes unofficial.
·         Flexible becomes inflexible.
·         Adroit becomes maladroit.
·         Functional becomes dysfunctional.
·         Peptic becomes dyspeptic.
·         Philanthropist becomes misanthropist.
Careful: changing prefixes doesn't always work, like flammable and inflammable pretty much mean the same thing––they're synonyms––but usually prefix juggling works like water on fire.

Synonyms
Synonyms are words that share meanings with other words. There are many reasons why synonyms are great. Here are three:
1.      They make it possible for writers to create a mood with the nuances of their vocabularies. "Walk" is different than "saunter," and "drink" is different than "guzzle." The differences are in the mind, and when a writer is trying to paint a picture in a reader's mind, those differences can make or break a writer's prose.
2.      They give writers more rhythmic tools. "Absquatulate" means the same thing as "abscond," but they are rhythmically very different. Every serious writer thinks about the rhythm of what he or she produces. Synonyms give writers more control over that rhythm.
3.      They sound fancy. A little of this goes a long way, like using "utilize" for "use," but sometimes knowing a better-sounding word makes you sound intelligent. If you don't use fancy synonyms, you should at least be able to know when someone else is. Certain people use argot that isn't immediately understandable, but if you know a lot of synonyms, you will never be lost. Plus, if someone fails to comprehend your own jargon, you can use a synonym they know to get your point across. In writing, you can work on tone by saying "discharging a firearm" instead of "firing a gun" or "disenfranchised youths" for "kids without voices."

Homonyms
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings. They're great. They are source of entertainment, confusion, and inspiration.
Homonyms are often the cause of a spelling or word usage error. For example:
·         We accept (receive) a gift and we except (exclude) someone from a gift list.
·         We have multiple days (more than one day) of fun and we can have be in a daze (to be bewildered) on a new job.
·         We can go to (a preposition) the store, tell someone we want to go too (also) and we can take two (a number) friends.
Here are some links to get you started in the wonderful, and sometimes confusing world of homonyms:
·         Examples of Homonyms
·         Alan Cooper's Homonyms
Knowing antonyms, synonyms and homonyms will certainly expand our vocabulary; but, they can also be very confusing if the wrong word is written or spoken.
     In conclusion, my opinion about Antonyms are two words that have opposite meanings. Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. Homonyms are words that are pronounced the same, and are sometimes spelled the same, but have different meanings.


       Well for additional information let see this video that will give the other example for all my Readers
SOURCE:

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/Antonyms-Synonyms-Homonyms.html
         Good day Readers came back again on Juliana's blog in this time i'm going to share about SIMILE  please watch this video and hope this useful ....Thanks







    Then come to the other Video, in this Video all of you watch the different or comparison "Metaphor and Simile".. Have fun





 The last is the short explanation about "Simile", "Metaphor", and "Personification". I hope that will make all the Readers understand more about it.




Source:
https://youtu.be/uoSBVNUO2LU
https://youtu.be/oF9_fsUkxuk
 Hello my Beloved Readers,, came back again with me on Juliana's Blog. Now I'm going to Share with U all about Metaphor in SEMANTICS










What’s in a metaphor? 
According to Janet Martin Soscike’s working definition (1985) “metaphor is that figure of speech whereby we speak about one thing in terms which are seen to be suggestive of another.”
In common descriptions, a metaphor is seen as having two components: vehicle and tenor. In the above example from Quran, زَبَدًا رَّابِÙŠًا  is the vehicle being the main figure of speech utilized. The tenor, as clarified in the ayah itself, and confirmed by common tafaseer such Ma’ariful Quran, is Falsehood (actually, false beliefs).
In linguistics, the terms vehicle and tenor are replaced by ‘source’ and ‘target’, respectively. 
The commonality between the target (or tenor) and source (or vehicle) may be referred to as a ‘ground’.

Metaphor also have definition that is a form of figurative language in which one thing or idea is expressed in terms of another, is becoming an increasingly popular area of study, as it is relevant to the work of semanticists, pragmatists, discourse analysts and also those working at the interface of language and literature and in other disciplines such as philosophy and psychology. This book provides a summary, critique and comparison of the most important theories on how metaphors are used and understood, drawing on research from linguistics, psychology and other disciplines. In order to ground the discussion in actual language use, the book uses examples from discourse, including casual conversations, political speeches, literature, humor, religion and science. Written in a non-technical style, the book includes clear definitions, examples, discussion questions and a glossary, making it ideal for graduate-level seminars.


Source:
http://www.cambridge.org/cr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/semantics-and-pragmatics/metaphor
http://www.slideshare.net/sabrinaps/cognitive-semantics-metaphor
 https://structureofentropy.wordpress.com/category/by-contents/language-and-communication/





ADVERBIAL PHRASE
Submitted as One of Assignments of MorphoSyntax Course

Taught by Mustakim , M.Pd




 BY
 Group 2 :
1.     Juliana Esti   
2.     Siti Restian Ningsih  
3.     Juli Iskandar
4.     Manna Erika Sitompul

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF LANCANG KUNING
PEKANBARU
APRIL 2016





CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study
            One of the branches in Linguistics is “Syntax”. Syntax is the science that study about how to arrange or construct the words (phrase) of Language to be well sentences which are accepted by the Native speaker. Syntax, moreover also encompasses systems and rules of Language, and those must be constructed according to frozen Language of English as conventional. Syntax, in this case, can be divided into two terms, that is: surface and deep structures. In Syntax, in addition to, to prove the sentence is well or not, must be performed and analyzed do not only throughout surfaces one, but also in deep structures (Seno, 2001).
Syntactic class is one having a distinctive functional potential; the words derived by a particular lexical process, however, will not be referred to by any rule of syntax (Huddleston, 1984:26). There are grouped into:
(1)   Words
Richards, et al (1985:1213) said that one or more sounds which can be spoken to represent an idea, object, action, etc. the smallest unit spoken language which has meaning and stand alone.
Spencer (1991:43), a word is the smallest that can exist its own.
So, based on theories above, word is a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. One word can be consisted of one morpheme or more. A word that only has one morpheme is called by simple word. In other hand, a word that has more than one morpheme is called by complex word.

Examples:
Simple word: buy (one morpheme)
Complex word: unpredictable (three morphemes: un + predict + able).
Word also can be used to mention a word that can be seen by our eyes and not.
Examples: door, adore
(2)   Phrases
A phrase is a group of word which forms a grammatical unit, a phrase does not contains a finite verb and does not have a subject-predicate structure (Richard, 1985:39).
A phrase is a group of words that is missing a subject, a verb, or both (Reid, 2000:290)
Quirk, et al. (1985:60) said that the five formal categories of phrase are verb phrase, noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase.
a.       Verb phrase
Verb phrase minimally consists of a single verb followed by a noun phrase, adverb phrase, and prepositional phrase (Carnie, 2007:72).
Example: left quickly
V     Adv
b.      Adjective Phrase
Carnie (2007:68) said that adjective phrase consists of an adjective as head, optionally proceeded and followed by modifying elements.
Example: very  yellow
Adj     ajv
c.       Adverb Phrase
Carnie (2007:68) said that adverb phrase of an adverb as head, optionally proceeded and followed by modifying elements.
Example: very quickly
adv    adv





CHAPTER II
CONTENT

2.1 Definition of Adverbial Phrase
            Adverbial Phrase consists of one or more words. The adverb is head of the phrase and can appear alone or it can be modified by other words. The Adverb are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Adverbial phrases is group of word can consist of adverb with qualifier (too,very,so,enough,etc)
            In the example the adverbs phrase are in bold. The other words that modify the adverb are underline: We usually go on holiday in August, Time goes very quickly, The day passed quickly enough. This works really well for its size. In general, these patterns are similar to adjectives phrases.
            An adverb phrases can consists of one adverb plus other words before it (premodification) or after it (postmodification). Adverb phrases have many different meanings. There are kinds of adverb: adverb of time, manner, place, frequency, and purpose.
1.Adverb with Qualifier is adverb phrase that combine between adverb and qualifier and can fill the function adverb of manner.
Example
Contoh Kalimat Adverb Phrase
Adverb of Manner
Qualifier
slowly
extremely
He drives extremely slowly.
(Dia mengemudi dengan sangat lambat.)
quickly
enough
Every waitress should clean tables quickly enough.
(Setiap pelayan harus membersihkan meja-meja dengan cukup cepat.)



2. Prepositional Phrase
Adverb
Adverbial Phrase
Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Phrase
time
since yesterday, during the storm, before noon
They couldn’t do anything during the storm.
(Mereka tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama badai.)
manner
with his debit card, by bus
The customer always pays the bill with his debit card.
(Pelanggan tersebut selalu membayar tagihan dengan kartu debitnya.)
place
at home, in the classroom, to Bandung
I’m on a flight to Bandung.
(Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandung.)
frequency
every year
Old people may need to see a doctor every year.
(Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu mengunjungi dokter setiap tahun.)
purpose
for you
He bought this tiramisu cake for you.
(Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini untukmu.)

3.  Infinitive Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Phrase
to gain his muscle mass
He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle mass.
(Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk meningkatkan massa ototnya.)
to get the access
To get the accesss, you must register first.
(Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)


2.2 Adverb Phrase (functions)
A. Adverb Phrase + Verbs
            We use adverb phrase most commonly to modify verbs. In the example the adverb phrase are in bold. The verbs that they modify are underlined.
Example: Children grow up really quickly
                I exercise very regularly and I eat quite healthily
B. Adverb Phrase + be
            We use adverb phrase with be. This is especially typical of adverb of place.
Example: I am upstairs. I will only be a minute.
               They are right there, on the table.
C. Adverb Phrase + Adjective or Adverb
            We use adverb phrase (Adv) to modify adjective and other adverb.
Example: I found it extremely difficult to talk to her
                                   (Adv)        (Adj)
               He drives really carefully
                               (Adv)    (Adv)
D. Adverb Phrase + Other Phrase
            We use adverb phrase (Adv) to modify noun phrase (Np) and prepositional phrase.
Example: That’s quite a tree. ( it’s a tree that is in special in some way, e.g. it’s very big)

                 We climbed right over the top of the hill and down again.
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