Archive for 2016

Assalamualaikum and Good Day for all my Readers and followers In Indonesia start from Sabang until Marauke and Especially around the WORLD now came back again with Juliana Blog’s …

Well now in this post I would like to share and explain about the special one. Who is he?Actually he one of the popular expert in Critical Discourse Analysis especially in Lancaster University .He is Professor Norman fairclough was born on 1941. He worked as Lecturer in Lancaster university . He is one of the founders in Critical Discourse Analysis. As we know he is the Best Man in CDA and he also inspiring me especially in Discourse analysis lesson.

Well for all readers you must know “Norman fairclough”, he was make a theory called three dimensional framework for studying discourse .Norman fairclough also the Great person who he published so many books and journal for Discourse analsysis .The ever published about 13 books, 14 journals and articles 8 articles in edited books.

The list books from Norman Fairclough:

· Fairclough, Norman (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.

· Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.

· Fairclough, Norman (1995). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.

· Fairclough, Norman (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. Boston: Addison Wesley.

· Chouliaraki, Lilie and Norman Fairclough (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity – Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

· Fairclough, Norman (2000). New Labour, New Language? London: Routledge.

· Fairclough, Norman (2001). Language and Power (2nd edition). London: Longman.

· Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.

· Fairclough, Norman (2006). Language and Globalization. London: Routledge.

· Fairclough, Norman (2007). (Ed.). Discourse and Contemporary Social Change. Bern.

· Fairclough, Norman (2014). Language and Power (3rd edition). London: Longman.

But The popular and famous books he ever published before that is “Language and Power” It has been revised in three times .First in 1989, second in 2001 Language and Power (2nd edition), the third in 2014 Language and Power (3rd edition).

Ok readers I think just it the article about norman fairclough and I also thankful for him cause give me inspiration to learn more about CDA. Hopefully this article also helping you all of my readers who learn CDA lesson and can be one of your referenced.

Let me say thank you for all opportunities let me close by saying Wassalamualaikum..

REFERENCE

http://chengxplore.blogspot.co.id/2010/01/analisis-wacana-kritis-norman.html

http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/linguistics/about-us/people/norman-fairclough

Branches of Discourse Analysis

1. Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is the important thing, because Important Aspects of Text comprehension is the identification of topics from the discourse.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an analysis From Critical Perspectives WITH the referring Knowledge, thus able to speak a review Discourse analysis 'attitude'. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) focuses on social issues, and especially, on role hearts Discourse Production and Reproductive abuse or Domination Power.

Critical discourse analysis is a contemporary approach to the study of language and discourses in social institutions. Drawing on poststructuralist discourse theory and critical linguistics, it focuses on how social relations, identity, knowledge and power are constructed through written and spoken texts in communities, schools and classrooms. This describes the historical contexts and theoretical precedents for sociological models for the study of language, discourse and text in education. It then outlines key terms, assumptions and practices of critical discourse analysis. It concludes by describing unresolved issues and challenges for discourse analysis and sociology of education.

The Expert and The Art of CDA

“Beyond description or superficial application, critical science in each domain asks further questions, such as those of responsibility, interests, and ideology. Instead of focusing on purely academic or theoritical problem, it starts from prevailing social problems, and thereby chooses the perspective of those who suffer most, and critically analyses those in power, those who are responsible, and those who have the means and the opportunity to solve such problems.” (van Dijk, 1986: 4)

“To Draw consequences for political action from critical theory is the aspiration of those who have serious intentions, and yet there is no general prescription unless is the necessity for insight into one’s own responsibility.” ( Horkheimer quoted in O’Neill, 1979)

“A fully ‘critical’ account of dicsourse would thus require a theorization and description of both the social processes and structures which give rise to the production of a text, and of social structures and processes within which individuals or groups as social historical subjects, create meanings in their interaction with texts.” (Fairclough and Kress, 1993)

2. Stylistic Analysis

Stylistics and Stylisticians

"[A]t many levels, interdisciplinarity study is what stylistics is designed to do. As stylistician Paul Simpson writes, 'stylistics is a method of textual interpretation in which primacy of place is assigned to language' (2004, p. 2). Stylistics thus still carries the methodological genes that it has inherited from its forbear, rhetoric. Its very purpose is its application to textual data, and its strength lies in its potential for such application. . . .

"A stylistician can arguably be viewed as a kind of empirical or forensic discourse critic: a person who with his/her detailed knowledge of the workings of morphology, phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics, and various discourse and pragmatic models, goes in search of language-based evidence in order to support or indeed challenge the subjective interpretations and evaluations of various critics and cultural commentators. Imagine a kind of Sherlock Holmes character who is an expert grammarian and rhetorician and has a love of literature and other creative texts."(Michael Burke, The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics. Routledge, 2014)

"Stylistics, traditionally known as the study of literary texts using formal linguistic tools, can also be done via sophisticated computer-based applications. Some stylisticians quantitatively analyse large amounts of data and texts, not possible otherwise, and thus can provide answers to questions such as what is Dickens' writing style in his novels or how can one state, solely on the basis of textual evidence, that Milton or Shakespeare's works are historically arranged?"(Saumya Sharma, “Language Wise.” The Times of India, July 8, 2013)

Aims of Stylistic Analysis

"Stylistic analysis, unlike more traditional forms of practical criticism, is not interested primarily in coming up with new and startling interpretations of the texts it examines. Rather, its main aim is to explicate how our understanding of a text is achieved, by examining in detail the linguistic organization of the text and how a reader needs to interact with that linguistic organization to make sense of it. Often, such a detailed examination of a text does reveal new aspects of interpretation or help us to see more clearly how a text achieves what it does. But the main purpose of stylistics is to show how interpretation is achieved, and hence provide support for a particular view of the work under discussion. . . . [T]he 'news' comes from knowing explicitly something that you had only understood intuitively, and from understanding in detail how the author has constructed the text so that it works on us in the way that it does."(Mick Short, "Understanding Conversational Undercurrents in The Ebony Tower by John Fowles." Twentieth-Century Fiction: From Text to Context, edited by Peter Verdonk and Jean Jacques Weber. Routledge, 1995)

Reference:

https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/ed270/Luke/SAHA6.html

http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discanalysisterm.html

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/Stylistics-term.html

The Definition Discourse

Discourse

Discourse is generally used to designate the forms of representation, codes, conventions and habits of language that produce specific fields of culturally and historically located meanings. Michel Foucault's early writings ('The Order of Discourse', 1971; The Archaeology of Krlowledge, 1972) were especially influential in this. Foucault's work gave the terms 'discursive practices' and 'discursive formation' to the analysis of particular institutions and their ways of establishing orders of truth, or what is accepted as 'reality' in a given society.

Developed in the 1970s, the field of discourse analysis is concerned with "the use of language in a running discourse, continued over a number of sentences, and involving the interaction of speaker (or writer) and auditor (or reader) in a specific situational context, and within a framework of social and cultural conventions" (Abrams and Harpham, A Glossary of Literary Terms, 2005).

Discourse (from Latin discursus, "running to and from") denotes written and spoken communications such as:

In semantics and discourse analysis: Discourse is a conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication.

The totality of codified language (vocabulary) used in a given field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, et cetera.

In the work of Michel Foucault, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired: discourse describes "an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are enouncements (énoncés)", statements in conversation.

Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is concerned with language use as a social phenomenon and therefore necessarily goes beyond one speaker or one newspaper article to find features which have a more generalized relevance. This is a potentially confusing point because the publication of research findings is generally presented through examples and the analyst may choose a single example or case to exemplify the features to be discussed, but those features are only of interest as a social, not individual, phenomenon."

(Stephanie Taylor, What is Discourse Analysis? Bloomsbury, 2013)

"[Discourse analysis] is not only about method; it is also a perspective on the nature of language and its relationship to the central issues of the social sciences. More specifically, we see discourse analysis as a related collection of approaches to discourse, approaches that entail not only practices of data collection and analysis, but also a set of metatheoretical and theoretical assumptions and a body of research claims and studies."

(Linda Wood and Rolf Kroger, Doing Discourse Analysis. Sage, 2000)

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective: polysemous or polysemic. In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. According to William Croft, "Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specialized vocabulary dealing with technical topics" (The Handbook of Linguistics, 2003).

According to some estimates, more than 40% of English words have more than one meaning. The fact that so many words (orlexemes) are polysemous "shows that semantic changes often add meanings to the language without subtracting any" (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, 2010).

Polysemy also mean is the existence of several meanings for a single word or phrase. The word polysemy comes from the Greek words πολυ-, poly-, “many” and σήμα, sêma, “sign”. In other words it is the capacity for a word, phrase, or sign to have multiple meanings i.e., a large semantic field. Polysemy is a pivotal concept within the humanities, such as media studies and linguistics.

A word like walk is polysemous:

She walks the tower (to haunt a place as a ghost).

The workers threatened to walk (to go on strike).

Walk with God! (to live your life in a particular way)

Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words

Synchronically, the problem of polysemy ie the problem of interrelation and interdependence of different meanings of the same word. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word is the sum total of relations between its lexico-semantic variants.

The analysis of the semantic structure of a polysemantic word is based onthe following set of oppositions:

1. Direct-derived meaning: rat – animal like, but larger than a mouse; rat –cowardly person; strike-breaker.

2. Extended-restricted meaning: to knock – strike, hit; to knock – of a petrol engine – make a tapping or thumping noise.

3. Free-bound meaning: hat – cover for the head; hat – nonsense (to speak through one’s hat).

4. General-specialized meaning: case – instance or example of the occurence of smth; case – (med.) person suffering from a disease.

SOURCE:

http://www.afv.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161:polysemy-a-homonymy&catid=121:miscellaneous&Itemid=352

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/polysemyterm.htmL

Definition of Proverb

Proverb is a brief, simple and popular saying, or a phrase that gives advice and effectively embodies a commonplace truth based on practical experience or common sense. A proverb may have an allegorical message behind its odd appearance. The reason of popularity is due to its usage in spoken language as well as in the folk literature. Some authors twist and bend proverbs and create anti-proverbs to add literary effects to their works. However, in poetry, poets use proverbs strategically by employing some parts of them in poems’ titles such as Lord Kennet has written a poem, A Bird in the Bush, which is a popular proverb.

Function of Proverb

Proverbs play very important roles in different types of literary works. The most important function of proverbs is to teach and educate the audience. They often contain an expert advice with a role for educating the readers on what they may face if they would do something. Hence, proverbs play a didactic role, as they play a universal role in teaching wisdom and sagacity to the common people. Since proverbs are usually metaphorical and indirect; therefore, they allow writers to express their message in a less harsh way.

The Differences Idiom and Proverb

An idiom is a phrase that has a meaning of its own that cannot be understood from the meanings of its individual words.

Here are some examples of idioms:

to be fed up with means to be tired and annoyed with something that has been happening for too long

A proverb is a short popular saying that gives advice about how people should behave or that expresses a belief that is generally thought to be true. Here are some examples:

Don’t cry over spilled milk.

Those who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

A stitch in time saves nine.

Like idioms, proverbs often have a meaning that is greater than the meaning of the individual words put together, but in a different way than idioms. The literal meaning of an idiom usually doesn’t make sense, and idioms can be almost impossible to understand unless you have learned or heard them before.

The literal meaning of a proverb such as “Don’t cry over spilled milk” does makes sense on its own, but it’s not until you apply this meaning to a broader set of situations that you understand the real point of the proverb. For example, “Don’t cry over spilled milk” means “Don’t get upset over something that has already been done. It’s too late to worry about it now, just get on with your life.”

Source:

www. ProverbExamplesandDefinition.Proverb.html

Hello and good day my Lovely Readers, Came back again on Juliana Esti blog’s… for this occasion I’m going to explain and share with you all about “ METONYMY and SYNECDOCHE”. So let’s read together…

Metonymy Definition

It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. We can come across examples of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life.

Metonymy, Synecdoche and Metaphor

Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car “a wheel” is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e. “a wheel” stands for the whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, “Crown” which means power or authority is a metonymy.

Metonymy is different from a metaphor. A metaphor draws resemblance between two different things as in “You are sunlight and I moon” – Sun And Moon from Miss Saigon. Sunlight (and moon) and human are two different things without any association but it attempts to describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity. Metonymy, however, develops relation on the grounds of close associations as in “The White House is concerned about terrorism.” The White House here represents the people who work in it.

Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life

We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples:

England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)

The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)

The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.)

Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

Function of Metonymy

Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism i.e. it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention. In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For instance, “Rifles were guarding the gate” is more concise than “The guards with rifles in their hands were guarding the gate.”

Furthermore, metonymy, like other literary devices, is employed to add a poetic color to words to make them come to life. The simple ordinary things are described in a creative way to insert this “life” factor to the literary works.

Synecdoche Definition

Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.

Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing.

Difference between Synecdoche and Metonymy

Synecdoche examples are often misidentified as metonymy (another literary device). Both may resemble each other to some extent but they are not the same. Synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of its parts. For example, calling a car “wheels” is a synecdoche because a part of a car “wheels” stands for the whole car. However, in metonymy, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it. For example, “crown” that refers to power or authority is a metonymy used to replace the word “king” or “queen”.

Synecdoche Examples from Everyday Life

It is very common to refer to a thing by the name of its parts. Let us look at some of the examples of synecdoche that we can hear from casual conversations:

The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”.

The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man.

The word “sails” refers to a whole ship.

The word “suits” refers to businessmen.

The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers.

The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.

“Pentagon” is a synecdoche when it refers to a few decision makers.

Function of Synecdoche

Literary symbolism is developed by the writers who employ synecdoche in their literary works. By using synecdoche, the writers give otherwise common ideas and objects deeper meanings and thus draw readers’ attention.

Furthermore, the use of synecdoche helps writers to achieve brevity. For instance, saying “Soldiers were equipped with steel” is more concise than saying “The soldiers were equipped with swords, knives, daggers, arrows etc.”

Like any other literary device, synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid. To insert this “life” factor to literary works, writers describe simple ordinary things creatively with the aid of this literary device.

SOURCE:

http://literarydevices.net/metonymy/

http://literarydevices.net/synecdoche/

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