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Dalam semantik ada konsep denotasi yang
berasal dari bahasa Inggris denotation (n) atau to denote (v). Dalam bahasa
Indonesia diartikan “merupakan tanda bagi” atau “menunjuk ke”.. Denotasi adalah
hubungan antara unit leksikal dengan segala objek di luar konteks (Matthews
1997: 91).
Contohnya:
Contohnya:
v Rumah
menjadi tanda kebahasaan untuk bangunan
tempat tinggal yang dibuat dari batu, pasir, semen, kayu, dll.
Denotasi adalah kecocokan antara nama yang
kita berikan dengan benda yang ditunjuk. Karena kita mengakui denotasi,
akhirnya kita dapat berbahasa. Dalam akal budi, kita mempunyai gambaran atau
citra (image) tentang sesuatu yang mungkin bagi tiap orang tidak sama dan
sebangun, tetapi kita mengerti apa yang dimaksud berkat denotasi.
Konotasi menurut semantik modern adalah nilai
rasa yang ditautkan pada denotasi berdasar pengalaman pribadi, kelompok, maupun
masyarakat. Crystal (1999: 82) berpendapat bahwa penggunaan konotasi yang utama
dalam satuan leksikal berhubungan dengan asosiasi emosi yang dirasakan oleh
seseorang secara pribadi maupun kelompok. Konotasi tidak selalu berkaitan
dengan hal yang buruk, tetapi ada nilai rasa yang berhubungan dengan keakraban,
keilmuan, keagamaan, dan lain-lain. Nilai rasa tersebut dihasilkan dari
asosiasi, contohnya:
v Merah
jambu
menunjuk pada denotatum warna merah jambu dan
juga berkonotasi rasa sayang dan cinta.
Konotasi tidak selalu berarti kiasan dan
telah menjadi sumber dari gejala eufemisme dan disfemisme. Selain itu konotasi
juga mempengaruhi pemakaian bahasa dan menjadi kajian bidang pragmatik.
The terms, denotation and connotation, are
used to convey and distinguish between two different kinds of meanings or
extensions of a word. A denotation is the strict, literal, definition of a
word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. The connotation of a word or
term adds elements of emotion, attitude, or color. The meaning or use of
denotation and connotation depends partly on the field of study.
The meaning of denotation and connotation
In media-studies terminology, denotation is
the first level of analysis: What the audience can visually see on a page.
Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor. Here
it is usually coupled with connotation, which is the second level of analysis,
being what the denotation represents.
In logic, linguistics, and semiotics, a
denotation of a word or phrase is a part of its meaning; however, several parts
of meaning may take this name, depending on the contrast being drawn:
Denotation and connotation are either
v in basic
semantics and literary theory, the literal and figurative meanings of a word,
or,
v in
philosophy, logic and parts of linguistics, the extension and intension of a
word
v Denotation
can be synonymous with reference, and connotation with sense, in the sense and
reference distinction in philosophy of language.
v In
Computer science, denotational semantics is contrasted with operational
semantics.
v In
Semiotics, denotation also has its own meaning.
v In logic
and semantics, denotational always attracts the extension, meaning "in the
pair," but the other element genuinely varies.
The distinction between connotation and
denotation corresponds roughly to Gottlob Frege's ground-breaking and
much-studied distinction between Sinn (sense) and Bedeutung (reference).Bertrand
Russell, in 1905, published a seminal article on the topic of denotation,
entitled "On Denoting."
Denotation often links with symbolism, as the
denotation of a particular media text often represents something further; a
hidden meaning (or an enigma code) is often hidden in a media text.
Examples :
Well the next explanation
that Came to The Definition
A connotation is a subjective cultural and/or
emotional coloration in addition to the explicit or denotative meaning of any
specific word or phrase in a language.
Within contemporary society, connotation
branches into a culmination of different meanings. These could include the
contrast of a word or phrase with its primary, literal meaning (known as a
denotation), with what that word or phrase specifically denotes. The
connotation essentially relates to how anything may be associated with a word
or phrase, for example, an implied value judgment or feelings.
A stubborn person may be described as being
either "strong-willed" or "pig-headed." Although these have
the same literal meaning (that is, stubborn), strong-willed connotes admiration
for someone's convictions, while pig-headed connotes frustration in dealing
with someone. Likewise, "used car" and "previously owned
car" have the same literal meaning, but many dealerships prefer the
latter, since it is thought to have fewer negative connotations.
It is often useful to avoid words with strong
connotations (especially disparaging ones) when striving to achieve a neutral
point of view. A desire for more positive connotations, or fewer negative ones,
is one of the main reasons for using euphemisms. (Although, not all theories of
linguistic meaning honor the distinction between literal meaning and
connotation).
Logic
In logic and in some branches of semantics,
connotation is more or less synonymous with intension. Connotation is often
contrasted with denotation, which is more or less synonymous with extension. A
word's extension is the collection of things it refers to; its intension is
what it implies about the things it is used to refer to. So, the denotation or
extension of "dog" is just the collection of all the dogs that exist.
The connotation or intension of "dog" is (something like) "four-legged
canine carnivore." Alternatively, the connotation of the word may be
thought of as the set of all its possible referents (as opposed to merely the
actual ones). So saying, "You are a dog," would imply that the
subject was ugly or aggressive rather than a literal canine.
A connotation can just be an idea that we
associate with another word, phrase or sentence. So for example the phrase
bucket and spade will have connotations of beaches, sunshine, childhood,
seaside holidays and so forth. If you're writer and you want to talk about a grave-robber
stealing a body from a cemetery, you probably won't want to say:
He picked up his bucket and spade ...
There's nothing wrong with the grammar of
this sentence, but when you say bucket and spade it might make people think
about happy things, not grave, serious and scary ones. It's probably important
for your story for people to be a little bit scared, not happy and comfortable.
Notice that nobody would think that the grave-robber was at the beach in that
sentence. It is just that using that phrase will make people think about
beaches for a second.
An implication is something slightly
different. If I imply something, I am saying something specific to somebody,
without actually using that sentence (this might be an accident. We might not
want the listener to have this idea). Usually, an implication is a proposition
- something that can be expressed as a sentence. So for example, if I say:
v If you
don't do your homework, you won't get any ice cream.
o
... then I am implying that:
v If you do
your homework you will get some ice-cream.
o
But notice that I did not say that. That second
sentence is not part of what I said. If I am a mean and horrible person, I may
have deliberately tricked you. But I did not lie. The truth may well be that:
o
If you don't do your homework you won't get any
ice-cream and if you do do your homework, you still won't get any ice-cream.
The reason might be for example, that you are
not allowed ice-cream because you're allergic to dairy products. Notice that if
I say the whole of the last example, the implication is cancelled. We no longer
think that the speaker will give any ice-cream to anyone if the homework is
done. We can cancel implications easily. It is difficult to cancel
connotations. We may still be reminded of something, like holidays, for
example, even if the actual word or phrase is being used in a completely.
In the normal uses of these words, a
connotation is an association that we have with a word, phrase or sentence. It
is not necessarily a proposition. It is not usually the kind of idea we can
express in a sentence.
In contrast, an implication is usually a
proposition. It is an idea we could express as a sentence. Sometimes the
listener may want us to understand this proposition. Sometimes it may be
accidental. We can cancel implications. It is difficult, if not impossible
sometimes, to cancel connotations. different way.
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